Your health care provider may have ordered a complete blood count as part of your check-up or to monitor your overall health. The test may also be used to:

• Help diagnose blood diseases, infection, immune system disorders, or other medical conditions
• Check for changes in an existing blood disorder

Only a small number of people with IBS have severe symptoms. Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle and stress. More-severe symptoms can be treated with medication and counselling.

Tests done include Stool O/C, SAT, H PYLORI Ag and BAT

HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B in the pregnant female which can be transmitted from mother to her child. Antenatal tests are important tools for protecting the health of a pregnant woman and her child.

Interpretations:

• CBC – It indicates the hemoglobin level of the patient. Low hemoglobin indicates anemia
• Blood group and RH factor – Presence of Rh-negative mother with Rh-positive father will make the child susceptible to Hemolytic disease of newborn
• Blood sugar – High blood sugar indicates gestational diabetes
• VDRL;
• HIV1&2;
• HBsAg – Positive VDRL test indicates syphilis, HIV 1&2 indicate – HIV infection while positive HBsAg imply that the pregnant woman is suffering from hepatitis B
• Urine- Can detect the presence of urinary tract infections

Obstetric ultrasound uses sound waves to produce pictures of a baby (embryo or foetus) within a pregnant woman, as well as the mother’s uterus and ovaries.

It does not use ionizing radiation, has no known harmful effects, and is the preferred method for monitoring pregnant women and their unborn babies.

A UTI is an infection from microbes. These are organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope.

Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, but some are caused by fungi and, in rare cases, by viruses. UTIs are among the most common infections in humans.

Your urinary tract is made up of your:

• kidneys
• ureters
• bladder
• urethra

Lower tract UTIs affect the urethra and bladder. Symptoms of a lower tract UTI include:

• burning with urination
• increased frequency of urination without passing much urine
• increased urgency of urination
• bloody urine
• cloudy urine
• urine that looks like cola or tea
• urine that has a strong odour
• pelvic pain in women
• rectal pain in men

Upper tract UTIs affect the kidneys. These can be potentially life threatening if bacteria move from the infected kidney into the blood. This condition, called urosepsis, can cause dangerously low blood pressure, shock, and death.

Symptoms of an upper tract UTI include:

• pain and tenderness in the upper back and sides
• chills
• fever
• nausea
• vomiting

What are sexually transmitted diseases (STI/ STDs)?

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. This is because some STDs, like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact.

Some STDs can be passed from a pregnant person to the baby, either during pregnancy or when giving birth. Other ways that STDs may be spread include during breastfeeding, through blood transfusions, or by sharing needles.

There are more than 20 types of STDs, including:

• Chlamydia
• Genital herpes
• Gonorrhoea
• HIV
• HPV
• Pubic lice
• Syphilis
• Trichomoniasis

STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

Most STDs affect both men and women, but in many cases the health problems they cause can be more severe for women. If an STD is passed to a baby, it can cause serious health problems.

Symptoms include:

• Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina
• Sores or warts on the genital area
• Painful or frequent urination (peeing)
• Itching and redness in the genital area
• Blisters or sores in or around the mouth
• Abnormal vaginal odour
• Anal itching, soreness, or bleeding
• Abdominal pain
• Fever

Most people have 2 kidneys. They’re part of your urinary system. Kidneys have several important functions:

• filtering and cleaning your blood to remove waste products into urine (wee)
• balancing the fluids and salts or minerals in your body
• making vitamin D
• making hormones that help to control your blood pressure

Kidney function tests are also known as renal function tests and include: urea and electrolytes tests. These are often shortened to: U&E, EUC or UEC.

The tests measure levels of various substances in your blood, including:

• electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate
• minerals: phosphorus, calcium
• protein: albumin
• waste products: urea, creatinine
• glucose (sugar)

• Albumin
• Total protein
• ALP
• GGT
• ALT
• AST and
• Bilirubin levels

If levels of one or more of these substances are outside of the normal range, it may be a sign of liver disease.

Other names: liver panel, liver function panel, liver profile hepatic function panel, LFT.

A blood sugar test is a procedure that measures the amount of sugar, or glucose, in your blood. A doctor may order this test to help diagnose diabetes. People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes also use this test to manage their condition.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the cells in the body responsible for producing insulin are destroyed. Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin and no longer uses it effectively. Both types can result in high blood sugar if they’re not managed well.

Blood sugar tests provide instant results and let you know the following:

• if your blood sugar levels are high or low
• if your diet or exercise routine needs to change
• how your diabetes treatment is working
• if your overall treatment goals for diabetes are manageable

If you have not been diagnosed with diabetes, a doctor may also order a blood sugar test as part of a routine check-up. They may also be looking to see if you have diabetes or prediabetes, a condition where your blood sugar levels are higher than typical.

People may need to be tested if they have symptoms of diabetes or if they have certain risk factors.

Risk factors for diabetes

You may have more likely to get type 1 diabetes if you:

• are a teenager or younger
• have a family member with the condition
• have certain genes that give you a genetic predisposition

Your risk for type 2 diabetes may increase if youTrusted Source:

• are age 35 years or older
• are overweight
• are not physically active
• have a family history of diabetes
• have a history of insulin resistance or have prediabetes
• have a history of gestational diabetes or gave birth to a baby who weighed over 9 pounds
• have high blood pressure, high triglycerides, or high cholesterol
• have a history of stroke or hypertension

A bone profile of blood tests helps to determine how well your body’s metabolic processes are affecting your skeleton. As we age the strength of our bones can be weakened by conditions like osteoporosis.

Bone is made up of collagen, a protein that gives the bone its strength and framework, and calcium phosphate, a mineralised complex that hardens the bone. Bone markers – signs of the bone turnover process – are used alongside bone density testing to look for the presence of bone diseases such as osteoporosis or other issues with your bones.

Your blood sample is tested for:

• Calcium
• Phosphate
• Albumin
• Alkaline phosphatase

Some of the culture tests include:

• Urine
• High Vaginal/ Urethral Swab
• Blood
• Pus/Wound etc